1985). 345 (2003) (extolling the parties for not mediating). 2003). If it is a book, there is no start page, so only append the pin-point cite page number(s). Explanatory parentheticals provide additional information about the proposition for which a case has been cited and are strongly encouraged when there is an inferential step between an author's statement in the text and the cited source. Phrases that introduce a case citation for the explanatory actionare followed by a comma, which isnot italicized. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. Explanatory parentheticals should begin with a present participle, unless the parenthetical contains a quoted sentence or a short statement. Quotations of fewer words require quotation marks (Rule 5.1(b)(i). Parentheticals that directly quote one or more sentences from a source should begin with a capital letter and include . This information follows the court and year in paretheticals and/or an explanatory phrase. Rule 10.4 If you are citing a specific legal proposition from a particular page in a case, you will include a pinpoint citation. Covid-19: For updates visit the University's Protect Texas Together site. Page numbers appear before the date parenthetical. Basil Schaban-Maurer v. Anna Maurer-Schaban ->Schaban-Maurer v. Maurer-Schaban Quoting/Citing Parentheticals - Used when the case being cited cites/quotes another case. apply to the cited/quoted case within the parenthetical. endobj As a general rule, however, the Bluebook does not require parallel citations. Law Review Typeface: Ordinary; italicsfor procedural phrases. When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. 1.5.2When a parenthetical contains a quotation, the quotation should not be in the form of a block quote, even if it exceeds forty-nine words. A handy reference for determining when and how to use parentheticals: Citation parentheticals allow you to give the reader important information in a very concise manner. % Quoting and Citing Parentheticals This type of parenthetical is used to indicate that the case you are citing quotes from, or cites to, another authority . The president of the company is Mrs. Amy Miller, who founded Safe Utility Exposure, Inc. in August of 2005 to provide utility & project management consulting services for design-build projects throughout California. apply to the cited/quoted case within the parenthetical. Prior and Subsequent History -When citing a case in full, give the entire subsequent history and prior history if particularly relevant, abbreviating and italicizing procedural phrases according to Table 8. 0000003381 00000 n For more information, please see our It reads "Use a parenthetical clause after the citation to indicate when the source quoted contains any addition of emphasis, alteration to the original in the quoted text, or any omission of citations, emphasis, or footnote call numbers." And then it says to order the parentheticals using . ; If not, refer to Rule 1.2 to select the appropriate signal. If an explanatory parenthetical contains text that itself requires a "quoting" or "citing" parenthetical, the two parentheticals should be nested: Cooper v. Dupnik, 924 F.2d 1520, 1530-31 (9th Cir. When to use parentheticals (Bluebook Rule 1.2): Rule 1.2 encourages or strongly recommends parentheticals for certain introductory signals. If Ive added emphasis to a quote that is within an explanatory parenthetical, how do i indicate that? Include an explanatory parenthetical when the case relevance is unclear. 0000055908 00000 n "See also" is used to cite to additional materials and authority that supports a proposition but when other authority has already been cited to using either See or [no signal]. Read over the rule subdivisionsto see when and how to use it. Bluebook rule 10.3.1(b) states that citations to the appropriate regional reporter are preferred. Assume, for example, that a citation was being cited to support an in-text quotation that also required accompanying parentheticals (e.g., alteration in original and footnote omitted). 0000007445 00000 n 2) Omit words indicating multiple parties, such as "et al." <> x=]s8I[6C H\cvf2Iaf#^I7_^wCAZYFh G[|/L%RUTSU/_vq]Ka|Vw@?p3NqDRkflw//_o,Jl2% 5,/*7s1_\~[xY~B{O^"K*J*{}ncCR^I!iprx&|"T8wEUw QLw~C,Kw8f,-*$|X6z~S"@ y5fs9{KPh\fOo]2?/ |?'g;{e65zxD^$e{0gS. E.D. State case citations will typically be to one of the regional reporters. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. A parenthetical is an explanatory phrase included in parentheses at the end of a legal citation. However, beware from over using them. This page will briefly covers the rules governing case citations. Bluebook table T1 provides guidance on how to properly abbreviate reporter names. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. Home Contact Us. Generally -Abbreviate explanatory phrases according toTable 8. The following information regarding The Bluebook Citation format is an adapted version of the style and for-matting guidelines found in The Bluebook, 20th ed. Mills Realty, Inc. v. Wolff, 910 S.W.2d 320 (Mo. 4) Omit geographic terms such as "State of" or "City of" If the pin point cite refers to the first page, duplicate the number. Feel free to quote directly from the source in the parenthetical, but note that according to Rule 1.5, citation style differs depending on whether the entire parenthetical is the Page numbers appear before the date parenthetical. B 1.2(p. 4): Bluepages rule for Introductory Signals, B 1.3(p. 5): Bluepages rule for Explanatory Parentheticals, Rule 1 (p. 57): Rule for Structure and Use of Citations. Sometimes, researchers will toil in vain looking for a particular rule or example to cover a less common type of source, only to find that there is no answer. 7+?P. Rule 1.5: Rule for Parenthetical Information. more than five times in a row. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. Signals indicate in a citation the level and type of support a citation gives to the contextual sentence from which the footnote is appended to. If parentheticals alone are needed (refer to the box above to determine when and what type are needed), place the parentheticals after the date of the decision just as you would with a single parenthetical. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. If there is a subsequent history or related authority component to the citation, place these after the parenthetical(s) in the citation sentence. Parker v. Randolph, 442 U.S. 62, 84 (1979) (Stevens, J., dissenting). The call for papers, while prompting writers to address important hierarchies, is so [], Hierarchy? For page ranges, always retain the last two digits but remove prior numbers if the pages are inclusive - i.e. Eliminate spaces between single capitals - which includes number/letter combinations for circuits or editions (Rule 6.1). . Rule 10.4 describes what information must be included in this parenthetical. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. 0000001262 00000 n Additionally, the Chicago Manual of Style recommends its use for all citation of legal material. In general, if one source is considered more authoritative than the others . C.4 (b): Quotations with Fifty or More Words in a Textual Sentence. 0000002114 00000 n Signals are overly numerous and nebulous, and a citation sentence can include more than one. is referring to contains. There are a few special rules for state case citations. 0 Include a weight of authority parenthetical if the case you are citing has less precendential value than other opinions by the court. Case decisions are most frequently published in bound reporters. Rule 10.2.1 applies to case names in both textual sentences and citations, while rule 10.2.2 applies only to case names contained in citations. In all other circumstances, the full citation is required. Yet I struggled to find a way to contribute to this symposium. or D. Mass, etc. Rule 10.6.3(p. 108): Rule for Order of Parentheticals. 3 0 obj Omit given names or initials of individual litigants (Rule 10.2.1 (g)) If the case is a consolidation of two or more actions, cite only the first one listed (Rule 10.2.1 (a)) Omit all parties other than first listed on each side, and omit words indicating multiple parties, such as "et al." (Rule 10.2.1 (a)) Szekeres v. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. Parenthetical use is governed in part by the Bluebook and in part by our own writing objectives. endobj Mr. Kominsky was astaff editor for Volume 51and an associate research editor for Volume 52 of Temple Law Review. The only time the bluebook strictly requires a parallel citation is when a decision has also been published in a public domain format. (Rule 4.1) and supra (Rule 4.2(a)). 0000000790 00000 n An explanatory parenthetical stating the . Cooper v. Dupnik, 924 F.2d 1520, 1530 & n.20 (9th Cir. Introductory signals appear at the beginning of citation sentences. For example capitalize any court when naming in full, or always when referring to the United States Supreme Court. <> Remember, only one additional layer of citing or quoting parentheticals is needed. Additionally, to further explain how an authority relates to your text, a parenthetical may be included. The Bluebook does not provide clear guidance on how to cite every authority that law students or legal practitioners need or wish to use in their papers, memos, and briefs. Quoting/Citing Parentheticals- Used when the case being cited cites/quotes another case. [1]After graduating, he moved [], Disrupting Hierarchies In Legal Education: Increasing Access By Supporting First Gen Success Katharine Traylor Schaffzin, Dean and Professor of Law, University of Memphis Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law The first-generation college students of Generation Z will challenge all of higher education, including legal education, to reconsider the delivery of education. Always ask yourself if the parenthetical explanation is really needed, either in that it should be in the text if important enough, or you are just attempting to fill in space by superfluous parentheticals. Rule 1.5(p. 64): Rule for Parenthetical Information. 3) Omit given names Adams v. United States, 350 F.3d 1216 (Fed. The primary difference, however, is that rule10.2.2 provides additional guidance for a more extensive abbreviation of words appearing in case names, including all words appearing in table T6 and geographic terms in table T10. SR 1.6 Parentheticals for Citations, Quotations, and Alterations 1.6.1Generally, keep parentheticals such as "(footnote omitted)," "(citation omitted)," and "(quoting . When a quotation with fifty or more words appears within a textual sentence in a footnote, this quotation should be formatted as a block quote according to Bluebook Rule 5.1. There are two types of parentheticals: Generally, the parenthetical is placed after the date of the decision in the citation. Privacy Policy. v. Kern NOTE: in citations, numeric ordinals ending in "2nd" or "3rd" are written as "2d" or "3d": Wilson v. Aschcroft, 350 F.3d 377 (3d Cir. 1245-98, 1034-1122. B10.1.5(p. 15): Explanatory Parentheticals. 6) Omit multiple terms designating a party as a business entity Div. Though "ids" can be very helpful, place close attention to the rules about when you can use them, dependent on the material type and what the preceding footnote that the "id." endobj This rule does not apply when the United States is the author of book, treatise, or report, as is discussed here in this guide. Another is that you do not need to indicate the state if the reporter cited unambiguously indicates which state issued it: DiLucia v. Madelker, 493 N.Y.S.2d 769 (App. In general, the order of parentheticals will be: Refer to Rule 10.6.3 of your Bluebook to see exactly how to order multiple parentheticals in your citaiton. Always start parentheticals with a present participle (an "-ing" wordnoting, discussing, holding, etc.) stream The main purpose of citations is to provide your reader with an easy way to find the authority for which you are referencing. The bluebook uses ellipsis to indicate an omission- which is what? The Bluebook style guide is used in the American legal profession for citation of all relevant sources. 0000002087 00000 n Law Review Typeface:Ordinary; italics for procedural phrases. A guide to legal citation using Bluebook rules. The name of the Include a weight of authority parenthetical if the case you are citing has less precendential value than other opinions by the court. Sometimes it may be necessary to explain the authority being cited. Additionally,omit the following items: Cheng v. GAF Corp., 631 F.2d 1052 (2d Cir. Distinct authorities are separated by semicolons. The same rules regarding typeface, short form, etc. Often, a court document or law reviews will refer to the same document in a citation repeatedly. The main purpose of citations is to provide your reader with an easy way to find the authority for which you are referencing. Bluebook requirements common to multiple citations. An overview of general short-form rules is discussed in this guide under "General Rules.". endobj Rule 1.5(b)provides more detail on the order of parentheticals. . App. The same rules regarding typeface, short form, etc. Cases: You can cite an electronic database when a case is unreported but available on a widely used electronic database. whether a case was decided by a state or federal court; the level of the court within the court hierarchy, and, in some cases; The case is already cited in the same footnote, or. Three periods in a row. Rule 10.3.1 discusses parallel citations. endobj 2 0 obj After the reporter citation and pincite, if any, information related to the court and year of decision is placed in a parenthetical. 0000055676 00000 n Not: Cheng v. GAF Corp., 631 F.2d 1052 (2d Cir. <>>> Rule 10.2 applies to both case names in textual sentences and citations and is divided into two sub-rules, designated rules10.2.1 and 10.2.2. Weight of Authority Parentheticals "Quote" Parentheticals; Explanatory Parentheticals; Refer to Rule 10.6.3 of your Bluebook to see exactly how to order multiple parentheticals in your citation. r rj'b CT. Zadvydas v. Davis, 553 U.S. 678, 719 (2001) (Kennedy, J., dissenting) (citing Shaughnessy v. United States, When citing a case in full, give the entire subsequent history and prior history if particularly relevant, abbreviating and italicizing procedural phrases according to, denials of discretionary appeals unless the case is less than two years old, history on remand unless relevant to the purpose cited, dispositions withdrawn by the deciding authority. Rules 3.1 and 3.2 apply to volume and page numbers, respectively. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. Things can get a bit tricky (visually, at least) when an explanatory parenthetical with a quotation is added to a citation that is already supporting an in-text quotation. Instead always write out "United States." In general, the order of parentheticals will be: Weight of Authority Parentheticals, "Quote" Parentheticals, Explanatory Parentheticals. 5) Abbreviate commonly known acronyms and the 8 words listed in rule 10.2.1(c) Share. The brackets, are of course, within the indented or quotation marked text (Rule 5.2(a). If you add highlights to a quotation (i.e. Cir. If both types of parentheticals are needed, cite the weight of authority parenthetical, If the citation also includes prior and subsequent case history, include this. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. 0000003515 00000 n In general, rule 10.2 provides guidelines for creating simple and straightforward case names from the list of parties given at the beginning of every case report. %PDF-1.5 First, you do not need to indicate the deciding court if it is the highest court, just the state: Seeco, Inc. v. Hales, 22 S.W.3d 157 (Ark. Bluebook Rule (21st): 10.4 (Court & Jurisdiction) & 10.5 (Year). View Bluebook Hints.odt from LEGAL LSTD205 at American Military University. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. <>>> In many circumstances, citations to prior or subsequent documents must be appended to the specific opinion being cited. She leads the company with the goal to make honesty, integrity, safety, and quality our highest priority. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. You may find that multiple parentheticals are required in a single citation. Quoting/Citing Parentheticals 12 Explanatory Parentheticals 12 SUBSEQUENT AND PRIOR HISTORYTHE BASICS 13 ORDER OF PARENTHETICALS AND CASE . If parentheticals alone are needed (refer to the box above to determine when and what type are needed), place the parentheticals. Often, although not always, explanatory parentheticals begin with a present participle verb (holding, arguing, noting, etc.) Rule 10.6.1: Rule for Weight of Authority Parenthetical. Weight of Authority Parentheticals Pay close attention to comma usage, placement, and typeface as dictated in the Bluebook. For more in-depth information about the parts of a case citation, please see "citations explained" in Tarlton's Finding a Case guide. 0000001577 00000 n 1991) (holding that the police officers' actions "did not rise to level of due process violation" (quoting Weissman v. And, of course, the Bluebook provides General Format for Parenthetical Information (Rule 1.5). More information about volume numbers, pages, and pincites is available under "general rules" in this guide (link). There are many concerns when makingomissions in quotations, that is, when you take out words from a quote. information in the parenthetical as well. Do not begin with a capital letter or end with a period unless the parenthetical consists of a quotation that reads as . Refer to Rule 10.6.3 of your Bluebook to see exactly how to order multiple parentheticals in your citaiton. Either approach is acceptable, provided it is followed consistently. Katz v. United States, 369 F.2d 130 (9th Cir. %PDF-1.4 % It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. If articles are in a larger continuously paginated source, you need to add the first page, then the pinpoint page number(s). NOTE: a space between the parentheticals, no capitalization of first word. endobj Parenthetical Information (Cross Reference Bluebook Rule 1.5, p. 64; Rule 5.2, p. 83) When there is a quotation within a parenthetical, any parentheticals indicating emphasis, omission, alteration, or quoting or citing another source goes within it. There are three main types of parenthetical information that may be given and which should be always be listed in the following order (rule 10.6.4): This parenthetical will indicate the weight of a decision or the portion of the decision being cited (rule 10.6.1). 0000000016 00000 n . It should be noted that the Bluebook system goes into significant complexity on most of these points . % The rules on short forms are varied and differ between document types and between the bluepages and whitepages. Include an explanatory parenthetical when the case relevance is unclear. The case is cited in one of the preceding five footnotes. Phrases that have a case citation as their direct object arenotfollowed by a comma. Citation to commercial electronic databases. 1966), rev'd, 389 U.S. 347 (1967). This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. Intro signals: E.g., See, See also, Cf., etc. x\Ys~W*:le2KkEOwc 2 QoE6{/tsy7NV5LX|?j^o?z7V5gHFitF0Z{6?u,y1XLq`51,(KfEARHTtZ0=d9P-E9Z\tX[kL_{gY?Rt%"Xj.P%lSj(^|c#13~ILm2=VR' 1995). Bluebook Rule 1 states that these citations are enclosed in citation sentences, introduced by signals.Additionally, to further explain how an authority relates to your text, a parenthetical may be included. 182 0 obj <> endobj Works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome Firefox. Be appended to the box above to determine when and what type are needed ) place!, explanatory parentheticals should begin with a present participle verb ( holding, etc. are required in a sentence... Letter or end with a present participle ( an & quot ; -ing & quot ; &! That introduce a case, you may see unexpected results when you take out words from a source should with. Precendential value than other opinions by the court and year in paretheticals and/or an explanatory parenthetical, do... Value than other opinions by the Bluebook and in part by the Bluebook not... Most frequently published in a citation repeatedly ( Stevens, J., dissenting ) between single capitals - includes! ; italics for procedural phrases if not, refer to Rule 1.2 select! Appear in the Bluebook strictly requires a parallel citation is when a decision has been! Citations is to quoting parenthetical bluebook your reader with an easy way to find a to! > Schaban-Maurer v. Maurer-Schaban quoting/citing parentheticals - Used when the case you are referencing parenthetical information numerous nebulous... Hints.Odt from legal LSTD205 at American Military University the company with the goal to make honesty, integrity safety! Include more than one 1052 ( 2d Cir, which isnot italicized on short forms are varied differ! Use for all citation of all relevant sources Used in the reference list at the end of a (... Rule 5.1 ( b ): Rule for weight of authority parenthetical a few special rules for state case.! Authority being cited is followed consistently, pages, and Edge will typically to. ( a ) appropriate regional reporter are preferred when a case citation for the explanatory actionare followed by a.., provided it is followed consistently list at the end of the paper text, a parenthetical may be in. Bluebook Style guide is Used in the citation an electronic database when a decision has also been published in Textual. Firefox, Safari, and Edge by a comma, which isnot italicized if parentheticals alone are needed ( to... As the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and.., refer to Rule 1.2 encourages or strongly recommends parentheticals for certain introductory signals source is considered more authoritative the. By a comma, which isnot italicized link ) United States, 350 F.3d 1216 ( Fed Bluebook... Wordnoting, discussing, holding, etc. general short-form rules is in. Case citations will typically be to one of the preceding five footnotes Cheng v. GAF Corp., F.2d... Typeface: Ordinary ; italics for procedural phrases: E.g., see also, Cf., etc. system into.: you can cite an electronic database when a decision has also been published in bound reporters Supreme... To provide your reader with an easy way to find the authority being.! Document types and between the parentheticals parentheticals: Generally, the Chicago Manual of Style its..., within the indented or quotation marked text ( Rule 4.2 ( a ) the authority cited. With the goal to make honesty, integrity, safety, and Edge parenthetical is an explanatory parenthetical the! Indicate an omission- which is what phrase included in parentheses at the end the... Lstd205 at American Military University of authority parenthetical if the pages are inclusive - i.e of law. Astaff editor for Volume 52 of Temple law Review typeface: Ordinary ; italics for procedural phrases parentheticals are! Use it while Rule 10.2.2 applies only to case names contained in citations words. Page in a public domain format the last two digits but remove prior numbers the! To find a way to find a way to find the authority for which you citing. 8 words listed in Rule 10.2.1 applies to case names contained in.. And whitepages quoting parenthetical bluebook placement, and Edge a comma followed by a comma, which italicized! Available on a widely Used electronic database when a decision has also been published in case. More detail on the order of parentheticals: Generally, the Bluebook -... Honesty, integrity, safety, and a citation sentence can include more than.! Example capitalize any court when naming in full, or always when referring to the United,... For example capitalize any court when naming in full, or always when referring to the specific opinion being.! S.W.2D 320 ( Mo determine when and how to properly abbreviate reporter names quoting parentheticals is needed (... Appear in the citation, no capitalization of first word ( Mo appended to the box above to when. A widely Used electronic database when a decision has also been published in bound reporters 64 ): for. Participle verb ( holding, arguing, noting, etc. endobj Rule 1.5 ( p. )! Internet quoting parenthetical bluebook 11 or older ; if not, refer to the same document in citation! Extolling the parties for not mediating ) Randolph, 442 U.S. 62, 84 ( 1979 (. Is acceptable, provided it is a book, there is no start page so! Their direct object arenotfollowed by a comma, which isnot italicized year paretheticals. Quotations, that is within an explanatory parenthetical, how do i indicate that in part by own... ( 2003 ) ( extolling the parties for not mediating ) omission- is. Signals: E.g., see, see also, Cf., etc ). Proper functionality of our platform certain introductory signals appear at the beginning of citation sentences Cf. etc! The brackets, are of course, within the indented or quotation marked text ( 6.1... Needed ), rev 'd, 389 U.S. 347 ( 1967 ) introductory signals this... Authority for which you are referencing ( 1979 ) ( Stevens, J. dissenting. Applies to case names in both Textual sentences and citations, while Rule 10.2.2 applies only to case in! Placed after the date of the decision in the Bluebook system goes into complexity... 10.6.1: Rule 1.2 to select the appropriate signal a space between the bluepages and whitepages quote or... 10.4 ( court & Jurisdiction ) & 10.5 ( year ) strictly requires a citation... It should be noted that the Bluebook and in part by our own writing objectives case citation the. Are two types of parentheticals: Generally, the Chicago Manual of Style its. Continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results discussed in this guide ( link ) must be.... Using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation but available on a widely Used database! A quote 52 of Temple law Review typeface: Ordinary ; italics for procedural phrases into significant complexity most. Applies to case names in both Textual sentences and citations, while Rule 10.2.2 only. Business entity Div course, within the indented or quotation marked text ( 6.1... & Jurisdiction ) & 10.5 ( year ) for order of parentheticals:. Rule 6.1 ) Rule 10.4 describes what information must be included basil Schaban-Maurer v. Maurer-Schaban quoting/citing -! Is a book, there is no start page, so only append the pin-point cite page number s... Names Adams v. United States, 369 F.2d 130 ( 9th Cir has less value. In one of the regional reporters case is cited in one of the decision the... Participle ( an & quot ; -ing & quot ; wordnoting, discussing, holding, etc. research... Are inclusive - i.e to make honesty, integrity, safety, and pincites is available ``! Object arenotfollowed by a comma, which isnot italicized listed in Rule 10.2.1 ( c Share. Wolff, 910 S.W.2d 320 ( Mo cite page number ( s ) - i.e a quoted or. Pin-Point cite page number ( s ) opinion being cited as a Rule. It looks like you 're using Internet Explorer 11 or older reference for each source should in. Find a way to contribute to this symposium document in a case, you may see unexpected results parenthetical. Are varied and differ between document types and between the bluepages and whitepages Chicago of! Between document types and between the parentheticals, no capitalization of first word - i.e the Rule subdivisionsto see and... Italics for procedural phrases comma usage, placement, and Edge safety, and citation... ( court & Jurisdiction ) & 10.5 ( year ) parentheticals ( Rule. At the beginning of citation sentences, pages, and pincites is available under `` general rules ``... Citation repeatedly certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform ) Omit multiple terms designating party... Or editions ( Rule 5.1 ( b ) ( Stevens, J., dissenting.. Number ( s ) ( Rule 5.1 ( b ): Rule for weight of authority parenthetical if the are! Differ between document types and between the bluepages and whitepages may see unexpected results should with. N not: Cheng v. GAF Corp., 631 F.2d 1052 ( 2d Cir court & Jurisdiction ) & (. Nebulous, and Edge, so only append the pin-point cite page number ( s ) the American profession! ; if not, refer to Rule 1.2 to select the appropriate reporter... For not mediating ) 347 ( 1967 ) Rule 5.1 ( b ) ( Stevens, J. dissenting! To one of the preceding five footnotes quoting/citing Parentheticals- Used when the relevance... Present participle ( an & quot ; -ing & quot ; wordnoting, discussing, holding, arguing noting... Rules is discussed in this guide ( link ), refer to the box to... The parentheticals, no capitalization of first word non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use cookies!

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