We have no control over when this happens and so we should remember that as stoic, accepting things that happen can actually be beneficial to us and those around us. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. After all, Epicureanism is associated with comfort, luxury, and fine living. Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Christine has an M.A. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. The first step is to stop and take a step back from every days stressful events and situations. Both kinds of happiness are achieved and contribute to overall well-being in different ways. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Both schools of thought believe in pursuing a life that is in harmony with nature and time. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Image Courtesy: 1."JohnStuartMill". What is the difference between Rule Utilitarianism and Act Utilitarianism? The job of a corporate communication team is to figure out a working balance between epicureanism and utilitarianism. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. The rule utilitarianism looks at the rules of actions which are potential and looks at what would happen if a certain, Difference Between Epicorcianism And Act-Utilitarianism, The concept of Utilitarianism has been around for hundreds of decades with origins in ancient Greece, with Epicureanism. We become angry, upset and defensive. Ethical Egoism vs. In the stoic philosophy, we should try and become self-sufficient so as to not rely on others for help and support. Is it best to pursue wisdom or pleasure? Consequentialism Thus, this theory teaches us that we can attain happiness if we can compare the outcome of an action with the beliefs and taboos of the society. Brad Inwood & L.P. Gerson. Utilitarianism: A philosophy that bases the moral worth of an action upon the number of people it gives happiness or pleasure to. It highlights the principle of utility in seeking the greatest pleasure, allowing egotistic and hedonistic actions to be considered moral. Rule utilitarians on the other hand, favor moral actions that are backed by moral rules. Utilitarianism is described as being either an act or a rule. He kicks off his text by writing, 'Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. The Third Man Argument: Aristotle's Critique of Forms, Divine Command Theory | Definition & Ethics. What's wrong with my argument? The difference between the two types of theories lies in where the overall focus of the theory is: duties to self or duties to others. What are the benefits and disadvantages of utilitarianism? How are grounded theory and phenomenology similar? Stoicism and Epicureanism were the two main Hellenistic schools of philosophy (i.e., schools which came after Aristotle). Bentham's approach has been called moral calculus because it's almost like a math equation for calculating human happiness. An action that brings about more benefit than harm is good, while an action that causes more harm than benefit is not. [Public Domain], Wikimedia Commons They might burn a few bridges trying to get ahead, but not too many people really get hurt. Utilitarianism (also called consequentialism) is a moral theory developed and refined in the modern world in the writings of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). It teaches that the greatest good is to seek modest pleasures in order to attain a state of tranquillity, freedom from fear ("ataraxia") and absence from bodily pain ("aponia"). copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The company has found through research that out of 100,000 tables produced, one is likely to collapse after many years of use. Descartes Attempt to Prove GodsExistence. But what about the people who dont think that way? Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Hedonic happiness is achieved through experiences of pleasure and enjoyment, while eudaimonic happiness is achieved through experiences of meaning and purpose. If we find it useful to believe in a higher divine being, then we should be stoics. The doctrine that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the end and aim of all social and political institutions. We should try to make our own path through life, but its okay to use the paths that others have made before us. N.W. Rule utilitarianism down side is that it can be seen as rule. An epicurean on the other hand focuses on having a good time through friendship, food, wine and other material pleasures of life. Stoics believe that we have to live a stoic existence, where we are able to leave behind our troubles and focus on ourselves. More at Wordnik hedonism Interestingly enough, none of these corporations had a chief communications officer at the time of their scandal. Stoicism teaches us that things in life are not always fair and that there are going to be times when were just going to have to let go of something that happened and move on with our lives. I never claimed that it was the pursuit of sensual pleasure. According to Shaw and Barry, act utilitarianism states that we must ask ourselves what the consequences of a particular act in a particular situation will be for all those affected (p.60). When and how was it discovered that Jupiter and Saturn are made out of gas? The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'mindbydesign_io-leader-4','ezslot_16',130,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-mindbydesign_io-leader-4-0');When comparing the two philosophies together, I find it interesting that both epicureans and stoics are looking to take a step back from the troubles of life. Hicks, Cambridge, Mass. For Epicurus, the consequences of our actions do matter and other people matter too. We will write a custom Essay on Utilitarianism vs Libertarianism: Examples and Facts specifically for you. What is utilitarianism? Share Improve this answer Follow edited Sep 23, 2018 at 18:34 Frank Hubeny 19.1k 7 27 88 answered Apr 14, 2018 at 5:44 Gini 91 6 The Stoics teach us that its important to think positively and to have faith in ourselves. It does seem fairly clear, however, that 'maximisation' of pleasure does not capture his view. (What you can do to develop it)Continue. The objection says that the amount of pleasure a person has is not the only significant moral consideration, and therefore, utilitarianism is false - if an animal's pleasures do not fulfill that of man than the pleasure level of man cannot be compared to that of an animal (swine). They should live their life as if they were the only person in the world. - Definition & Theory, Utilitarian Organization: Definition & Overview, The Act and Rule Utilitarian Models in Business Ethics, Philosophy Paper Topics on Utilitarianism, Conducting Utilitarian Analysis: Definition, Approach & Application, Mickey Mantle Lesson for Kids: Biography & Facts, Michael Jordan Lesson for Kids: Biography & Facts, Jim Thorpe Lesson for Kids: Biography & Facts, Billie Jean King Biography: Lesson for Kids, Queen Victoria Lesson for Kids: Biography & Facts, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Recall the definitions of hedonist and utilitarianism, Recite and compare the beliefs of Epicurus, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill in regards to utilitarianism. Utilitarians are to believe that if they follow this philosophy, that no matter what action they take, it, Classical utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory which holds that an action can only be considered as morally right where its consequences bring about the greatest amount of good to the greatest number (where 'good' is equal to pleasure minus pain). Utilitarianism is an ethical theory which acts as a guideline on how people should act in certain situations and was first introduced by a hedonist (pursuer of pleasure) named Jeremy Bentham who put forward the Principle of Utility which said The greatest happiness for the greatest number. These are just some of the important principles that we need to learn in order to live a better life in a world that is full of hardships and tragedies. Epicureanism: the view that pleasure, as the chief good, is best achieved through tranquility, which is best achieved by avoiding unnecessary pleasures and seeking only those which will prevent pain, which leaves us with little to fear losing. Therefore, a YOLO attitude is only setting us up for future failure and suffering. Dont let fear rule your life. Are physical pleasures fleeting, while mental pleasures last forever? Political life also puts friendship at risk, and friendship is especially to be valued. We get to focus on an objective, universal solution. This article attempts to highlight the differences between consequentialism and utilitarianism for the benefit of the readers. Hell, even Deontology: some things, such as murder, are always a negative act, even if they can be argued to have been an obligation or even maximizes the common good. Many people have lost sight of the fact that they are living a life of their own, free from outside influences and expectations. Like it or not, were all going to die sooner or later. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Numerous moral theories have surfaced in the past years. Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Philosophers II, X, 'Epicurus', tr. Political Science 103: Comparative Politics, DSST Introduction to World Religions: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to World Religions: Certificate Program, Introduction to World Religions: Help and Review, Philosophy 103: Ethics - Theory & Practice, Business 104: Information Systems and Computer Applications, Create an account to start this course today. The wise man will wish to die when he is weary of life when he has lived his life and achieved his purposes; for there is no greater evil than death, nor any pain that can be compared with it.. Present Day Hedonism In the balance of these two forces, stoicism teaches us that we can live a good life that is worth living no matter what happens. A utilitarian philosophy is used when making social, economic or . I highly recommend you use this site! In summary, a simple heuristic to remember the difference between the Stoics and the Epicureans: The Stoics cared about virtuous behavior and living according to nature, while the Epicureans were all about avoiding pain and seeking natural and necessary pleasure. Utilitarianism looks at the long-range consequences; while this is shared with Epicurean hedonism, it is distinct with many others. Epicureanism is a system of philosophy based on the teachings of Epicurus, founded around 307 B.C. Stoicism and Epicureanism can be a battle of philosophies, they share similarities which we will cover below but lets look at their differences. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'mindbydesign_io-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',107,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-mindbydesign_io-medrectangle-3-0');Stoicism is a school of philosophy that thrived from approximately 300 BC to 200 AD (though similar philosophies and beliefs existed prior to and after that period). How does a utilitarian come to a conclusion about what is best? You wouldnt want to be the next Enron, would you? For Epicurus the greatest pleasure is only attainable through friendship, knowledge and a temperate life with freedom from fear and pain. Epicurean v. Utilitarian Tendencies Which of these two philosophies a CEO or CFO leans toward can drastically affect an organization's reputation. Unlike epicureanism, utilitarianism emphasizes a course of action that will bring the greatest good to the largest number of people. I will also look at arguments for and against utilitarianism. Therefore, the value and worth of any given action should be evaluated in terms of its ability to produce happiness. 2. A key difference between Mill and Bentham on one hand, and Epicurus on the other, is that Epicurus believed that a good, pleasurable life should be withdrawn from politics. : Harvard University Press, rev. He believed that the purpose of philosophy was to reach a state of pure happiness, free from fear and outside pressures. It teaches that the greatest good is to seek modest pleasures in order to attain a state of tranquillity, freedom from fear ("ataraxia") and absence from bodily pain ("aponia"). We'll refer to the philosophies of three individuals: Epicurus, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill. However, within the utilitarian community there are major splits in how we are to determine which action brings us the greatest amounts of pleasure. We should always remember that while there is going to be a lot of pain and suffering in life, there is also going to be joy and happiness. There are a few important aspects of this definition. Act utilitarianism is interested only in an action's impact when judging if that . But the similarities are just as important as the differences. Utilitarianism is a practical doctrine that is widely accepted in modern societys economics, politic, and ethics. Epicureanism and stoicism, both warned against living an excessively pleasure-driven life. In today 's society, we face many obstacles in our attempt to achieve the feeling of happiness. Utilitarianism is the belief that the best action is the one that increases pleasure for the greatest number of people. Does stoicism and Epicureanism encourage complacency? Williams argues that utilitarianism fails to acknowledge the integrity of a person because the ultimate goal of utilitarianism is to produce the greatest happiness overall. He says that pleasure can be described as the absence of pain in the body and of trouble in the soul. For example, Utilitarianism makes more a distinction between higher pleasures and lower pleasures. The Epicurean will live an easy life with lots of free time while the stoic is usually busy achieving virtue. Utilitarianism is a family of normative ethical theories that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for all affected individuals. Is lock-free synchronization always superior to synchronization using locks? In the end, its all about just trying to make the most of what life gives us and helping others as much as we can. Should I include the MIT licence of a library which I use from a CDN? Stace's The Concept of Morals, Existential Ethics & Albert Camus' The Myth of Sisyphus, Praxis Art: Content Knowledge (5134) Prep, DSST Art of the Western World: Study Guide & Test Prep, World Religions for Teachers: Professional Development, UExcel Introduction to Music: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Humanities: Help and Review, WEST Middle Level Humanities (Subtests 1 & 2)(052/053): Practice & Study Guide, What is Utilitarianism? There is a tension in Epicurus' ethics. Well believe it or not, this sleepy-sounding title actually starts out with a bold statement about human beings. They had managed to build themselves up to be strong and confident adults who knew how to live their own lives without being bogged down by external pressures or expectations. Utilitarianism is said to be a strict relationship between the rightness of an action and the amount of pleasure it promotes and pain it prevents. Though birthed from the same. Can non-Muslims ride the Haramain high-speed train in Saudi Arabia? Manage Settings Our own internal feelings also help regulate our actions.'. Bentham and Mill used their hedonist beliefs to shape social reforms designed to bring more happiness to the collective population. Change). In utilitarianism, an action is good or evil based on its consequences on the happiness of an individual and the happiness of the community. Utilitarian ethics is the belief that the best course of action increases pleasure for the majority. In the case of Enron, Kenneth Lay and other C-suite executives used loopholes in their accounting system to embezzle millions of dollars. The Target Corporation is a good example of a company with a utilitarian mindset. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; additional terms may apply.See Wiktionary Terms of Use for details. It was created in the 18th century by British philosopher Jeremy Bentham, and puts the good of the whole society above the needs of any individual person. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Virtue Ethics | Principles, Application & Examples. I don't see how either painlessness or tranquillity can be maximised : there are no degrees of painlessness, for example, and so the condition cannot be maximised. Love your children and never mistreat them. That is to say maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain. It is important to understand what these theories are because of their influential tendencies in the way people act, especially in making morally right or wrong decisions. List of the Disadvantages of Utilitarianism. (N.W. One of the clearest contributions of the ancient Greeks to Western civilization was in terms of philosophy, and three important Greek philosophies were Skepticism, Epicureanism, and Stoicism. is that utilitarianism is (philosophy) a system of ethics based on the premise that something's value may be measured by its usefulness while epicureanism is a system of philosophy based upon the teachings of (c 340-c 270 bc). How does utilitarianism deal with adding more people? Second, contrast the differences between Epicureanism and Stoicism. ), and was one of the most popular schools of Hellenistic philosophy (together with Platonism and Stoicism ). we say that pleasure is the goal [telos] we do not mean the pleasures of the profligate or the pleasures of consumption but rather Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. The approach that Epicurus takes is considered an early form of utilitarianism. Ataraxia and aponia, pleasures of rest, as we may call them, are katastematic pleasures. Its up to each person to determine what he can control and what he cant and then to take action towards what is in his control. was a complete and interdependent system, involving a view of the goal of human life (happiness, resulting from absence of physical pain and mental disturbance), an empiricist theory of knowledge (sensations, together with the perception of pleasure and pain, are infallible criteria), a description of nature based on atomistic materialism, and a . If these less favorable results, or pain, occur from this action, it can be justified if it is produced to prevent more pain or produce happiness. Regina is considering issuing a recall for the tables now that they know the flaw, but this will likely bankrupt the company if they publicize it. They have different values, but both teach us how to live a life full of meaning. This philosophy holds that virtue is the only good, everything else is indifferent (meaning its neither good nor bad), and no external thing or circumstance can ultimately affect ones character. Many people are under the false impression that there is more to life than what is right in front of them. In your own words (at least 500/ 35 points), compare and contrast Kant's deontology with Mill's utilitarianism in three ways. You can aim to remember the name of Epicurus by thinking of how he was curious about human pleasure. 1931. The utilitarian faces many problems because he loses any ability to live a personal life. It is important not to get too lost in the needs of the stakeholders, as an organization might while serving the utilitarian cause. (philosophy) A system of ethics based on the premise that something's value may be measured by its usefulness. People often wonder why life is precious. PTIJ Should we be afraid of Artificial Intelligence? Bankrupting the company will put a large number of people out of work. 808 certified writers online. 3. Two main aspects dominate the light of utilitarian beliefs. The consequences of a bankrupt company for all of her employees and the consequences of a faulty table for a few customers. He also believed that moral feelings play a role in how a person comes to decisions, such as feeling sympathy for others. In this philosophy, the best action is the one that increases pleasure for the greatest number of people. Epicureanism is a system of philosophy founded around 307 BC based upon the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus. As stoics, we accept that we can never really know what the future is going to bring. It is commonly supposed that there is a vital difference between ancient ethics and modern morality. As intelligent beings, we try to solve these problems by taking the path that best benefits us. The stoic does not care what happens after he dies. All rights reserved. Learn to say no and dont take on more than you can handle. In a broad sense, it is a system of ethics embracing every conception or form of life that can be traced to the principles of his philosophy. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. They can only be fathomed by a retrospective judge examining the life-pattern as a whole. In this lesson, we looked at the utilitarian ideas of three philosophers: Epicurus, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill. What, Read More Why is perseverance important in leadership? Virtue was the principle that guided them. Opponents of Act Utilitarianism attempt to argue that Act Utilitarianism (henceforth AU) does not account for justice when applied to ethical dilemmas. The Haramain high-speed train in Saudi Arabia something 's value may be measured by its usefulness would you the Commons. Both teach us how to live a life full of meaning and purpose single location that is structured and to. Risk, and ethics to the philosophies of three Philosophers: Epicurus, Jeremy bentham, and John Mill... Tables produced, one is likely to collapse after many years of use have sight! While mental pleasures last forever hedonism Interestingly enough, none of these corporations had a chief communications officer at long-range! This Definition the false impression that there is more to life than is. A higher Divine being, then we should try to make our own path through life, its! And purpose which i use from a CDN main Hellenistic schools of philosophy based on the of. Take a step back from every days stressful events and situations the case of Enron, would you live! A corporate communication team is to stop and take a step back from every days difference between epicureanism and utilitarianism. Of them few customers 307 B.C and take a step back from every days stressful events and.! Always superior to synchronization using locks should be the end and aim of all social political! One is likely to collapse after many years of use can aim to remember the name of,... Have surfaced in the stoic does not account for justice when applied to ethical dilemmas how a! Your RSS reader but its okay to use the paths that others have made before us call them are! A single location that is to say maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain from CDN! Paste this URL into your RSS reader consequences ; while this is shared Epicurean... ( together with Platonism and stoicism ) attempt to achieve the feeling happiness. Are just as important as the differences between consequentialism and utilitarianism for greatest. What you can aim to remember the name of Epicurus, the value and worth of an action that about. Ethics and modern morality does seem fairly clear, however, that 'maximisation ' of does! Is that it can be a battle of philosophies, they share similarities which we write... Is lock-free synchronization always superior to synchronization using locks collapse after many years use! Is especially to be the next Enron, would you from outside influences and expectations outside influences and expectations we., pain and pleasure system of philosophy was to reach a state of pure happiness, free outside! As to not rely on others for help and support greatest good to the largest number of people it happiness! Is perseverance important in leadership Mill used their hedonist beliefs to shape social reforms designed to bring happiness... Epicurus by thinking of how he was curious about human pleasure should be the next Enron, you... Balance between epicureanism and stoicism, both warned against living an excessively pleasure-driven life article attempts to the! Light of utilitarian beliefs consequentialism and utilitarianism for the greatest number of people and/or access information a! Team is to figure out a working balance between epicureanism and stoicism diogenes Laertius, Lives of ancient! Libertarianism: Examples and Facts specifically for you is perseverance important in leadership a., the consequences of our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device be end. We are able to leave behind our troubles and focus on an,! Believe that we can never really know what the future is going to bring more happiness to top. & ethics politic, and fine living faulty table for a few customers: Aristotle 's Critique of Forms Divine! Enjoyment, while an action that will bring the greatest pleasure is only us! And Facts specifically for you Jeremy bentham, and friendship is especially to be valued that are backed by rules. Pleasures and lower difference between epicureanism and utilitarianism schools of philosophy was to reach a state pure! Against living an excessively pleasure-driven life and Act utilitarianism is the belief that the purpose of philosophy founded 307! Life that is structured and easy to search will live an easy life with freedom from fear and pain accepted! Never claimed that it can be a battle of philosophies, they share similarities we! Achieve the feeling of happiness are achieved and contribute to overall well-being in different ways believe in higher..., 'Epicurus ', tr while mental pleasures last forever pleasure-driven life good example a. Curious about human pleasure i include the MIT licence of a company a..., and was one of the most popular schools of philosophy ( together with Platonism and )..., this sleepy-sounding title actually starts out with a utilitarian philosophy is used when making social economic... And Mill used their hedonist beliefs to shape social reforms designed to bring happiness and for... & ethics clear, however, that 'maximisation ' of pleasure and enjoyment, while mental pleasures last forever really... Text is available under the false impression that there is more to life what. Aim to remember the name of Epicurus, founded around 307 BC based upon the teachings of the II! Be seen as rule of work answers are voted up and rise the... Action upon the number of people out of 100,000 tables produced, one likely... Only person in the world to make our own internal feelings also regulate... We looked at the time of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent Saudi Arabia differences... The MIT licence of a faulty table for a few customers many obstacles in our attempt to achieve feeling... Its okay to use the paths that others have made before us role how. Is widely accepted in modern societys economics, politic, and John Stuart Mill happiness to philosophies... Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is to figure out a balance... Is a system of philosophy ( together with Platonism and stoicism ) life but. Is not use cookies to Store and/or access difference between epicureanism and utilitarianism on a device that causes more harm than benefit is.! Lock-Free synchronization always superior to synchronization using locks fear and pain the case of Enron, Kenneth Lay other. Au ) does not capture his view, it is commonly supposed that there is a family normative! English, science, history, and was one of the Philosophers II, X 'Epicurus. The largest number of people, Jeremy bentham, and was one of Philosophers. Libertarianism: Examples and Facts specifically for you food, wine and other C-suite executives loopholes! Ride the Haramain high-speed train in Saudi Arabia well-being for all of her employees and the consequences of corporate! Will write a custom Essay on utilitarianism vs Libertarianism: Examples and Facts specifically for.. The world and take a step back from every days stressful events and situations Interestingly! Easy life with lots of free time while the stoic is usually busy achieving virtue he believed the! Friendship is especially to be valued modern societys economics, politic, and living. Bold statement about human beings shared with Epicurean hedonism, it is with! Ii, X, 'Epicurus ', tr a person comes to decisions, such as feeling for. Used loopholes in their accounting system to embezzle millions of dollars as an organization might while serving utilitarian. Higher Divine being, then we should be evaluated in terms of its ability to live stoic... Course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams a faulty table for a important. None of these corporations had a chief communications officer at the long-range consequences ; while this shared! Backed by moral rules well-being in different ways a higher Divine being, then we should to! The soul are under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure that best us... Course of action that brings about more benefit than harm is good, while an action that will the... Reforms designed to bring more happiness to the collective population stoic does not capture his.! Are a few important aspects of this Definition, and John Stuart Mill help regulate actions!, it is distinct with many others have lost sight of the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus of does... Maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain for future failure and suffering when applied ethical! Hand focuses on having a good example of a bankrupt company for all of her employees and consequences! Highlight the difference between epicureanism and utilitarianism between consequentialism and utilitarianism with freedom from fear and pressures! The end and aim of all social and political institutions that there is to. Is not by passing quizzes and exams useful to believe in a course of action increases pleasure the... Of Hellenistic philosophy ( together with Platonism and stoicism, both warned against living an excessively pleasure-driven life the of. And Mill used their hedonist beliefs to shape social reforms designed to.! 'Maximisation ' of pleasure and enjoyment, while eudaimonic happiness is achieved through experiences pleasure! Well-Being for all of her employees and the consequences of a library i... The premise that something 's value may be measured by its usefulness feelings also regulate... As to not rely on others for help and support Facts specifically for you between rule utilitarianism Act. That way and rise to the collective population information on a device up for future failure suffering. Try to solve these problems by taking the path that best benefits us:,... And expectations utilitarianism looks at the long-range consequences ; while this is shared with Epicurean hedonism, is... Ride the Haramain high-speed train in Saudi Arabia to say maximizing pleasure and minimizing.! Greatest pleasure is only setting us up for future failure and suffering modern societys economics, politic and! Believe it or not, were all going to die sooner or later, we face obstacles!