Yeats R S, Nakata T, Faraj A, Fort M, Mirza M A, Pandey M R and Stein R S 1992 The Himalayan frontal fault system; Ann. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. ), Earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union (Vol. Marcussen, E. (2017). A. Dunn and three assistants were sent to the areas chiefly affected. B. Rana (1935) indicates that severe shaking occurred in eastern Nepal. (5.2 MB PDF) Downloads. 1934 AD: This is known as Great Nepal Bihar Earthquakes is the strongest earthquake of the 20 th century and this. Res. PNAS, 117, 1761517621. Maharashtra earthquake, 1993. A magnitude M W 7.8 earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015, which is the first major earthquake in the Nepal Himalaya after the 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake (M W = 8.1) [7]. The size of the area affected by earthquake-induced landslides depends on the magnitude of the earthquake, its focal depth, the topography and geologic conditions near the causative fault, and the amplitude, frequency composition, and duration of ground shaking. The earthquake caused a massive avalanche on the slope of Mount Everest which took the life of 18 people and injured at least 30 climbers. Nasu, N. (1935). The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepal's History. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. More than 80,000 houses were damaged. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. L. Fermor. Nandy D R, Choudhury A K, Chakraborty C and Narula P L 1993 Geological Survey of India, Bihar-Nepal earthquake, August 20, 1988; Spec. The first was its basic . At places, even the water sprigs out about 10-12 feet from such fissures. (2016). CrossRef Due to convergence of Indian and Tibetan plates seismicity in Himalaya region has been higher always. Lett. The 1934 Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field. 117, S2, 773-782. At Lakhisarai the water was observed to recede from mid-stream and sand gushed up the exposed bed of the river. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. The magnitude of the earthquake is not known with precision, due to the fact that the earthquake occurred prior to the deployment of modern earthquake seismographs. Effects of Tapered Flange: (i) Bolted Connection: Bolt . Some houses are made by entirely made of brick, and others have reinforced concrete frames and brick infill. He was unable to gather information from outside the valley since access was not permitted to him. Rajendran, C. P., John, B., Rajendran, K., & Sanwal, J. This study focusses on the performance of structures during earthquake and aftermath, causes and possible preventive measures by reviewing four case studies related to the same. Part of Springer Nature. Saquib Salim is a well known historian under whose supervision various museums (Red Fort, National Library, IFFI, Jallianwala Bagh etc.) 3. The following entry is based on summaries found in Bilham et al (1998; 2001) and Hough & Bilham,(2008). About 3,000 persons in Muzaffarpur had met their death in the Earthquake. Everyone thought that, Margaret Mitchell once said: Death, taxes, and childbirth! There is some dispute as to the epicenter of the event, with one report placing it about 10 km south of Mt. The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the then assumed epicenter which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal not being recognized. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. 3.3 BIHAR - NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 1934 This 8.4 magnitude earthquake occurred on January 15, 1934 at around 2:13 PM and caused wide-spread damage in the northern Bihar and in Nepal (GSI, 1939). Damages & Casualties were reported to be higher in Nepal than in India. [9][10], Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. The conventional perception of earthquakes has been changing in recent decades; cascading hazards and their effects along with damage to structures and infrastructure, casualties, socioeconomic and environmental losses are nowadays considered under multidisciplinary aspects of earthquake impact. 4. Tectonophysics, 453, 6373. Of interest is that the localized enhancement or suppression of shaking in this great earthquake provide a template for future microzonation. 1st English edition. India As of 27 April 2015 at 4:14 p.m., Indian Home Minister Rajnath Singh,confirmed that56 people died in the state of Bihar,12 in Uttar Pradesh,3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan. Martin, S., & Szeliga, W. (2010). 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. An M6.7 earthquake on August 25, 2008 produced the first sudden decrease, followed by an M6.1 earthquake on September 21, 2009, with the third major event being the M6.9 event on September 18, 2011. THE DISTRIBUTION OF INTENSITY OF THE BIHAR-NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 15 JANUARY 1934 AND BOUNDS ON THE EXTENT OF THE RUPTURE ZONE M. R. Pandey* and Peter Molnar ** ABSTRACT We have recompiled the descriptions of damage and destruction caused by the 15 January 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, given by both Dunn et al. Geol. Surv. [7] The 1618-meter-long Kosi Rail Bridge on the Metre Gauge Railway line connecting Darbhanga Raj with Forbesganj was washed away and the River Kosi changed it path eastward. At that time there are no proper medical facilities or any equipment to save the lifes of those people. Bilham R and Wallace K 2005 Future Mw > 8 earthquakes in the Himalaya: implications from the 26 Dec 2004 Mw = 9.0 earthquake on Indias eastern plate margin; Geol. Mr. Mansfield, Collector of Bhagalpur, observed that the Balan river on the border of Darbhanga and Bhagalpur districts dried up for a few seconds and it was explained that this was due to the temporary uplift of the river bed. Pandey M R and Molnar P 1988 The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone; J. Geol. Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 57075715. PubMedGoogle Scholar, D., C. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934. Disasters Leveling in Bengal and Bihar, 9397. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. This mountainous region is one of the most seismically active continental areas on earth. Along the Terai belt, destruction was observed from the eastern border of Nepal The quake was felt at far-off places such as Kanpur (440 km south-east from the affected during this earthquake. Surv., 68, 177-239; 1935). stiffness were widely publicised and led to the general adoption in the construction of private buildings. A catalog of felt intensity data for 589 earthquakes in India, 16362008. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D. K., Pierce, I. K., Reddy, T., Angster, S., & Giri, B. Soc. Princeton University Press. Dhunche Presently, he works as a freelance/ independent history researcher, writer and works at www.awazthevoice.in, On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the, took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. Fire Risks Gas pipelines and electric infrastructure are both harmed by earthquakes. Sir E. Pascoe's lecture on Indian earthquakes and their causes is published by the Royal Society of Arts (Journal, 82, 577-594; 1934), and papers on the North Bihar earthquake by Dr. M. S . An appraisal of damage by Pandey and Molnar (1988) based on a translation of a contemporary damage published in Nepali by Major Brahma Sumsher J. Everest. Post earthquake aggradation processes to hide surface ruptures in thrust systems: The M8.3, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake ruptures at Charnath Khola (Eastern Nepal). In: P. J. Treloar, & M. P. Searle (Eds. The reported earthquake location falls to the south of the Main Boundary . ; epicenter of the earthquake was supposed to lie within the plains of Northern India : Bihar. It was a little consolation to the suffering humanity to be told that the border of the Gangetic Alluvium and of the Himalayas is within the seismic region and that earthquakes cannot be taken to be abnormal along this belt. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. Landslides and Avalanches Earthquake in hilly and mountain areas may cause landslides and avalanches Fire hazards There was no reliable statistics of the loss to the property in money equivalent. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January 1934 at around 2:13pm IST (08:43 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. Singh D D and Gupta H K 1980 Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar- Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935; Bull. U. The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. The area marked with double arrow between these earthquakes is the Central Seismic Gap. New quake hits Turkey, toppling more buildings: 1 killed Officials say a magnitude 5.6 earthquake shook southern Turkey causing some damaged buildings to collapse and killing at least one person Feb. 25, 2023, 9:00 AM ET (AP) Turkey launches investigation into 612 people after quake : , . Devastatingdisasters.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. A.. Damage there was generally less widespread, with fewer deaths recorded. Today, over 60% of the country lies in the three higher seismic zones (III, IV and V of Indian Seismic Code (e.g. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature (Nature) Surv. Kirtipur city supposedly situated over the rock was the safest one with merely 5% of building collapse! Geophysical Journal International, 159, 165206. Dunn J A, Auden J B, Ghosh A M H, Roy S C and Wadia D N 1939 The Bihar-Nepal Earthquake of 1934; Geol. The failures at Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example. The May 12, 2015, earthquake is located just beyond the eastern end of that rupture, with dimensions of about 40x20 km. Thus the inferred rupture geometry given the above numerous qualifications of uncertainty, are approximately as follows. This is opposite to the direction calculated by Singh and Gupta (1980), and an eastward-propagating rupture appears improbable given the requirements that a 130 to 160 km-long rupture should include the relocated epicenter. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 115. ), Survey of India geodetic report, 1936. The epicentre for this Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S., Rockwell, T. K., Briggs, R. W., Thakur, V. C., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2006). India, 73. It was the most devastating calamity since the 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake. Mitigation Measures for Earthquakes in India The areas of greatest damage stretched from Kathmandu to Munger in the North-South direction, and from Purnea to Champaran in the East-West direction. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 119(9), 71237163. It shook an area half a million square miles in extent in Nepal and Tibet. Kangra (1905) and Bihar (1934). Auden) from the Geological Survey of India visited Kathmandu, which had been severely shaken. the locking line of Feldl and Bilham (2006). (2004). B. Auden and A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published (Rec. Large himalayan frontal thrust paleoearthquake at Khayarmara in Eastern Nepal. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. . Heres The Truth! Mem. In: Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent. The total casualties was about 10,000 people in the area and many thousands were injured by the falling debris. However buildings built on Bedrock survived well than those built on unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part of the valley. Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes. January 1934 at Bihar, Nepal with a magnitude Mw of 8.1 and the same thrust faulting mechanism as the present event, it is likely that the rupture planes of both earthquakes may overlap. Sci. In the future, large earthquakes will again rupture along the Himalayan front. description of the earthquake effects; Annexure I of the paper describes the MSK scale. to Chitawan. Most of the Government buildings in Muzaffarpur town and the buildings in the Bazar area were affected very badly. The chowk hat of Monghyr town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building or wall was left standing. The area west of Kathmandu has not ruptured in the last three hundred years and stands out as a potential site for future great Himalayan earthquakes. Northern part of Kathmandu including Budhanilkantha, Sundarijal, Gaucharan was found relatively safe and suffered only minimum damage. Observers have noticed that there were two stages in the Earthquake with a lull for a few seconds and that the damage was more caused in the second stage. In Birgunj, several houses were damaged alongwith ground fissuring at many locations with emergence of water. 3. It should be noted that peak shaking occurred only after few minutes of initiation of shaking allowing sufficient time for evacuation at the mid-day; hence less casualties. 2 409-452. The great Earthquake in Nepal (First Published as Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa in Nepali in 1934; Translated to English from the 2nd Nepali Edition (1935) by Kesar Lall). 46 10.1016/S0065-2687(03)46001-9. The earthquake took place on January 15 around two o'clock in the afternoon and cause widespread damage. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. To obtain Science, 294, 23282331. Most of the destruction of structures built on unconsolidated sediment had been assumed due to amplification effect of such loose deposits. With a magnitude of about 8.1 to 8.3, the event destroyed thousands of structures, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur. (1939) and by Major General Brahma Seismol. The estimated economic loss due to this quake is placed at around Rs.22,000 Crores. At Pusa, the buildings that had housed the Imperial Institute for Agricultural Research were reduced to debris and that is the reason why the Institute was re-built at New Pusa in Delhi. Several factors combined to make Saturday's earthquake in Nepal such a devastating event. In contrast to Indian region, damage in Nepal was clearly due to ground shaking; and as per the reports, it was comparable or even higher than in northern India. During this 1934 event, intensity X (maximum on the Mercalli scale) shaking from Motihari through Sitamarhi to Madhubani in Bihar caused extensive liquefaction in 128-km long and 30-km wide area (slump belt) which led to the collapse of most of the buildings in these regions. Sukhija, B. S., M. N. Rao, D. V. Reddy, P. Nagabhushanam, Devender Kumar, B. V. Lakshmi and Pankaj Sharma, Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in North Bihar, India, Currentn Science, 83(8) 1019-1025. Geophys. The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. Yeats, R. S., & Thakur, V. C. (2008). The majority of deaths and injuries reported due to earthquake in Bihar have been not mainly due to the falling structure on people, but also due to panic, cardiac arrest and stampede. Journalof EarthSystem Science 117, 773782. Roads were tom and alignments were changed. Also, the templesof Pashupatinath, Bouddhanath & Soyambhunath escaped any damage. Different effects are observed in western Nepal (see figures in Additional file 1 ). The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw ~7.7) and. Most of the Government buildings in Laheriasarai town had collapsed. and Geology at UC Davis and [5] In Rajnagar, near Madhubani, all the Kutcha buildings collapsed. This indicates that adequate structural design is the key to reduce the earthquake risk in Nepal. The 1999 earthquake helped bring Erdogan to power. Floods If the earthquake happens in areas of dams, reservoirs, the damage is multiplied. Publ. Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1954). In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. According to the National Centre for Seismology, the tremors measured 3.5 on the Richter scale and were felt around 9.23 pm. Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. Survey of India, Calcuta (391 pp). Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. January 1934 earthquake in India andNepal. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Read Steve's blog. SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. This innovation has lead to decrease the effect of earthquake on a building and is evaluated . 110 1010-1027. Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15 1934. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. This sea was gradually consumed through the subduction of the oceanic floor beneath Tibet. It is said that the epicentral region is close to this area and the North Bihar is a region of great under-load arising from very density in the crust and because of the low density of the alluvium of the Ganges Valley. In addition, possible death and injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in other parts of the world. The lion at the head of the Asoka pillar at Lauriya in Champaran District had shifted on its axis in an anti-clockwise direction. In Sitamarhi, not a single house was left standing. Kathmandu valley was severely damaged in that earthquake. 1250). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). 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