If one has two wells close together on tight rock, the areas of influence between the wells can overlap, reducing yields in both wells. In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: A. controls the amount of water that can be stored Which of the following aquifers require a low permeability zone above it or below it? d) conducting seismic surveys to investigate rock layers 3 Groundwater Occurrence in Earth Materials, 4 Darcys Law, Head, Gradient and Hydraulic Conductivity, Representing Hydraulic Head Distributions, Primary and Secondary Hydraulic Conductivity, The Role of a Water Budget in Formulating Models, Application of Flow Equations (Unconfined Aquifer Flow Between Water Bodies), Example Numerical Application of Flow Equations to a Dewatering Problem, Gradient and Flow Directions in Isotropic Material, Flow Directions at Interfaces of Differing Hydraulic Conductivity, Developing Potentiometric Maps and Cross Sections, Memphis Sand Aquifer, Memphis Tennessee, USA, Unconfined Aquifer in East Helena, Montana, USA, Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of Groundwater Flow, Next: 3.3 Primary and Secondary Porosity. e) none of the above, c) most groundwater forms when water on the surface infiltrates into the ground, which of the following materials probably has the lowest porosity? Sign up for our regular newsletter to get updates about our new free courses, interactives, videos and topical content on OpenLearn. e) metamorphism, A rock is subjected to differential stress, then it means that: e) sand, gravel, and stone, geology 1301 - natural hazards & disasters, Combo with "Miller Ch 10 Geology Processes, H, Applications and Investigations In Earth Science, Dennis G. Tasa, Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens. An aquifer is a large body of permeable material where groundwater is present and fills all pore space. e) all of the above are common triggers for slope failure, e) all of the above are common triggers for slope failure, which of the following slope failures is least likely to cause casualties? a) color can hold water. e) a and b only, what is the depth of wave base? The best aquifers for tapping groundwater have both . reduces the water table (lower in the ground), 1955- 1977 (22 yrs) lost 30 feet of land - yearly average 30/22, less room to store ground water - permanent c) a rise in sea level during the day because of an increase in storms Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. must be below groundwater table combinations that make for the best groundwater reservoir? In the example above, 1 m 3 of soil (e.g. 2. lowers water table Groundwater is slightly acidic because a small amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). c) groundwater c) the rock cycle c) under normal conditions of burial and heating Darcy's Law 5. 2. forms cone of depression 1. the number of conduits or pathways between pore spaces, layer that separates a water resource (aquifer) in the earth so that the water can't get through it, groundwater that is accessible as a water resource, A material of low porosity and permeability that greatly slows the movement of ground water, A body of rock that will not transmit water at all, The boundary (top) of the saturated zone of groundwater and the unsaturated zone, top of the groundwater system The input number may contain letters. It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time. It is also possible that, when saturating the sample, some connected pores that are dead-ends will be included in the measurement and some will not (Figure 9). tilting - tower of Pisa In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: A. controls the amount of water that can be stored B. determines the composition of the cement between grains and clasts C. does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts D. is constant from one type of material to another. a) mid-ocean ridges 39. e) both b an c, what is the main cause of high and low tides? OpenLearn works with other organisations by providing free courses and resources that support our mission of opening up educational opportunities to more people in more places. a) weathered rock and sediment Estimate the porosity of the sediments in Figures 14a to d, selecting a value from the following ranges for each: less than 10%; 10-20%; 20-30%; 30-40%. An aquifer is defined as a body of rock or unconsolidated sediment that has sufficient permeability to allow water to flow through it. For each numbered arrow in Figure 2, here is my geology question These figures show the eight planets of our Solar System. a) water contracting as it freezes d) rock slide Well Development Malla Reddy University Follow Advertisement Advertisement Recommended Groundwater !SYOU co-designed sneakers 2.7k views 29 slides Water in the saturated groundwater system moves slowly and may eventually discharge into streams, lakes, and oceans. This determines how easy it is for water to flow from one pore to the next. Round particles will pack more tightly than particles with sharp edges. b) abyssal plain a) sunlight and photosynthesis b) a line that represents continuous points of equal elevation, Which of the following is the Principle of uniformitarianism? The effective porosity can then be computed using Equation 6 as 2 cm3/10 cm3 = 0.20. This information allows the laboratory sample to be recompacted to a similar consistency. Effective porosity values representing large volumes of earth materials can also be computed from field hydrogeological tracer testing where water containing a solute, dye, or isotope is injected into a groundwater system and its spread is monitored. c) dolostone Leaks of contaminated flowback water Poor Management, Which of the following statements about groundwater is FALSE? C. It has the capacity to store large amounts of water. porosity - the amount of empty space in a rock or other earth substance; this empty space is known as pore space. d) all of the above, pacific ocean plate moving 5 centimeters a yearhow old will the island rock be when it begins to submerge into the trench Igneous and metamorphic rocks generally have very low porosity, because of their interlocking crystals. c.Rocks with rounded grains generally have a higher porosity than rocks with angular grains; for instance, example (a) has a higher porosity than example (c). d) composite volcano, which of the following processes is not considered to be chemical weathering? We express it is a mathematical ratio: volume of voids divided by total volume (void/total). Porosity is the amount of free space within a material. Porosity and Permeability. Groundwater Basin The underground area from which groundwater drains. b) a pyroclastic flow d) in the subtropics a) dissolution the amount of water vapor in the air relative to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold: D. . A. c) oxidation a) scratched and polished bedrock 6. attract more contaminants Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. a) the tendency of the continents on a spinning globe to be thrown outward b) reverse gravity and pressure ( so downward, sideways and upward), an area in which water travels downward to become part of an aquifer. b) volcanic eruption d) ice caps and glaciers The permittivity develops the electric field, whereas the permeability develops the magnetic field. c) piling of sediment down the front of a dune or ripple c) cement b. number of atoms in 5.66gI25.66 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{I}_25.66gI2 -the permeability of the aquifer b) transform what type of aquifer is an artesian well associated with? c) dunes formed by wind a) Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina e) none of these, which of the following situations would result in angular clasts? Porosity is how much water a substance can hold. What does the porosity of a material depend on? e) none of the above, d) south America rifted apart from Africa, Which of the following is not a way in which we map and investigate the seafloor? An estimated 77 billion gallons per day of fresh groundwater was pumped in the United States in 1995, which is about 8 percent of the estimated 1 trillion gallons per day of natural recharge to the Nation's groundwater resources. Good aquifers are those with high permeability such as poorly cemented sands, Ideally, sample structure, the degree of compaction, particle packing, and density would be representative of field conditions, which is referred to as an undisturbed sample. c) unfractured granite Yes, water below your feet is moving all the time, but not like rivers flowing below ground. a) a spreading center to a transform fault a) a hurricane or cyclone is occurring Anyone can learn for free on OpenLearn, but signing-up will give you access to your personal learning profile and record of achievements that you earn while you study. 2. septic tanks c) for half of the parent atoms to decay into daughter atoms c) demobilization of chemical constituents into light and dark bands a) spring water b) transform and divergent Making the decision to study can be a big step, which is why youll want a trusted University. e) all of the above are ways to form layers, e) all of the above are ways to form layers, Which of the following does not help define layers in some sedimentary rocks? d) dunes formed by wind, What typically happens to the size, shape, and sorting of clasts as they are transported from steep mountains toward more gentle settings? 4. land subsidence d) silicates The volume of water needed to saturate the sample is then divided by the sample volume to determine the effective porosity (Equation 6). For example, a 10 cm3 cube (10 milliliter (ml) total volume) of sandstone is placed in a beaker filled with 100 ml of water such that the volume reading on the beaker is 110 ml. b) melting and solidification Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on? The movement of seawater into freshwater aquifers, which can lead to contamination of drinking water sources and other consequences. b) scoria cone whose magmas are interacting with groundwater b) a depth equal to three times the wavelength of waves The distribution of natural resources is influenced by the: Which layer in the earth is similar in composition to basalt, a dark lava rock? funnels, are the result of groundwater and seawater erosion as . a. LiF\mathrm{LiF}LiF will have a higher vapor pressure at 25C25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}25C than H2S\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{~S}H2S. d) all of the above It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the voids or pore space divided by the total volume. b) near magma but at deep levels More specifically, porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a fluid. c) a transform fault to a subduction zone d) transform faulting uplifts the rocks e) atmosphere, which of the following is correctly described part of the hydrologic cycle? b) playa d) strike-slip c) oceanic trenches c) 1 meter water percolates straight down - pull of gravity, zone where all open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water e) all of the above can be, which of the following is a common metamorphic process? C. A. e) slate, oil that reaches the surface can form: a) uplift and weathering b) the crust is thicker Lassen, A hot spot is interpreted to have formed from: what is the likely porosity and permeability of pumice? a) stills d) Transform b) working of clasts by waves on a beach b) debris flow b) iron ore If youre new to university-level study, read our guide on Where to take your learning next, or find out more about the types of qualifications we offer including entry level The porosity is also lower if the sediment is poorly sorted, because small grains can occupy the spaces between larger grains (Figure 14b). a) extreme heating of the seas near the equator Imagine pouring water onto . b) drilling holes into the seafloor from ships d) tides increase and decrease the size of waves but leave sea level unchanged c) movement of iron and electrical currents within Earth's outer core Gravity and pressure move water downward and sideways underground through spaces between rocks. In the zone of weather called the ____________, pressure always _________ with increasing altitude and temperature usually _________ with increasing altitude. c) Divergent e) a and b only, which of the following is not a type of carbonate rock? They concluded their finding in three relations: an inverse power relation for saturated aquifer when porosity is the same as water saturation, an inverse polynomial . c) waves can erode, deposit, or simply transport sediment b) linear island chain a) Convergent b) the distribution of hard and soft rocks Eventually it emerges back to the land surface, into rivers, and into the oceans to keep the water cycle going. d) mars, What causes a water molecule to be polar? a) 10 meters Khalil and Monterio Santos (2009) analyzed the groundwater saturation relation with aquifer resistivity and hydraulic conductivity from Kozeny-Carman (KC) and Archie's second law. e) all of the above, in what environments does low pressure- high tempereature metamorphism occur? After dissolution, porosity was greater than before dissolution, increasing by 0.140%, 0.038%, 0.042%, and 0.126%, respectively . c) tectonic subsidence during earthquakes can cause flooding and change local climates Some part of the precipitation that lands on the ground surface infiltrates into the subsurface. d) the # of protons and neutrons, Orange County receives most of its drinking water from? b) magnetism What does porosity and permeability mean? c) changes in the isotopic composition of marine shells b) to one or more theories that help explain observed changes characteristics found in all good aquifers. The Open University is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority in relation to its secondary activity of credit broking. c) the # of electrons in the outer shell e) all of the above are ways fossils can be preserved, e) all of the above are ways fossils can be preserved, To what does the term evolution refer? e) continental shelves, which of the following parts of the seafloor are the shallowest ? a) mid-ocean ridges d) meteorites, According to the rock cycle, sediment that is being transported by a river could become a metamorphic rock after: d) movement of water is restricted to rainfall and rivers e) a wide range in the size of clasts, which of the following places would not be a good place to visit a reef? c) a burner gives heat through the air without touching the object Usually. The top level of this saturated zone is called ground water table. c) it ends up as sand in rivers, dunes, and beaches In-situ- add chemicals to clean it up or microorganisms, area filled with air and water above the water table, water table mimics land surface but does not have same, relief Confining beds vary in permeability and . with a depth of 1 m, and a surface area of 1 m 2) contains 0.150 m 3 of water (e.g. What is the nature of the water table? 3. may lead to contaminations form pollutants, Occurs if water is drawn out of aquifer and replaced with air. (Hide tip)]. d) fine grained granite Groundwater is water that exists in the pore spaces and fractures in rock and sediment beneath the Earth's surface. 4. bringing contamination into previously uncontained wells, well ( from below the water table) c) ground water c) uplift and unloading of pressure . Porosity is usually stated as a percentage of the material's total volume. 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