The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. government site. Disease is an important entity in healthcare. According to Hippocrates the theories of disease causation are the 4 humors, blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. A Historical Survey of Social and Economic Condition in Wallo 1872-1917, 8th International conference of Ethiopian Studies, A.A. 1984; p. 1. and imbalance amongfour vital "humors within us. The five study communities, selected were: Gobeya, Godguadit, Bededo, Jari and Muti-Belg. The relationship between diseases and their causes can be approached from different starting-points. In Step 1, age was entered. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. 2015;12:140421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140421. hbbd```b`` (0 (d9 lz`&&$ D&2$#dB@@lHDIe7sL@o30"? He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. Until now, the literature about the theoretical underpinnings of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented, and lacking a convenient summary. Many natural objects were believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans. Weiss RS. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. He approached this ethnographic work as an Amharic speaker and tradition bearer, a member of the Amhara elite, and also as a senior pharmacy professional. Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.; 1968. 2011; 26 (4):275-278. doi: 10.5001 . Too often, indigenous medicine is criticized as harmful traditions as if it was a threat to human health. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. These postulates enabled the germ theory of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as humors and miasma. The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Lidell C, Barrett L, Bydawell M. Indigenous representations of illness and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The child becomes stunted due to his inability to have a linear growth. Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. Springer Nature. There are 23 Kebeles (the smallest local administrative unit) administered by the Woreda, including 19 rural, 2 urban and 2 semi-urban towns. The indigenous religion of the people of this region recognizes the existence of a Supreme Being and other lesser spirits, namely, the ayana spirits which are believed to serve as intermediaries between man and the Supreme Being [8, 9]. He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. Microbe after microbe was discovered in quick succession gonococcus in 1847; typhoid bacillus, pneumococcus in 1880; tubercle bacillus in 1882; cholera vibrio in 1883; diphtheria bacillus in 1884, and so on. Theories of illness causation derive from the underlying cognitive orientation of a cultural group, and therapeutic practice usually follows the same cultural logic. This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. Witchcraft beliefs in diseases causation and health-seeking behaviour in pregnancy of women in Calabar South-Nigeria . The disease is said to pass onto seven generations. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2007. Waddel A, Petersen AR. Week by week pregnancy (Baby and body development, tips), Human Cardiovascular System- Organs, Functions, Diseases, Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions, Cell Organelles (Plant, Animal)- Structure, Functions, Diagrams, 16 Types of Microscopes with Parts, Functions, Diagrams, Feezer L. W. (1921). Keywords. Ethnicity pertains to: geographic origins, fam patterns, lang., cultural norms, religion, literature, music, gender roles, etc Racism The belief that some races are superior to others by nature Ethnocentrism All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. 2006;20(2):12734. Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. In clinical medicine we are confronted by a patient P with certain complaints, and eventually a diagnosis is reached because the clinical findings suggest that P has a certain disease D.Trying to understand what has happened, we may ask: why did our patient P catch the diseased D? Cite this article. Soc Sci Med. An example cited in most of the focus groups was that of disrespecting elders, Abegar or Sheikh and a link to how that causes illnesses: If people anger the Abegar or sheik, they get hurt by the ones they offended. Disease in Africa has been the subject of a large number of rich studies. And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. The dominant frameworks argue that culture is a set of values, beliefs, and actions that are learned through interactions with others. They speak Amharic, Ethiopias official language. The site is secure. For example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere. Culturally-based attitudes about seeking treatment and trusting traditional medicines and folk remedies are rooted in core belief systems about illness causation, i.e., naturalistic, Ayurvedic, biomedical, etc. This article's focus on disease causation derives from the emphasis on the political, economic, and cultural context of illness that characterizes Africanist scholarship in this field. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. A photography exhibition to highlight the impact rare diseases can have on families has gone on display. Ideas about illness causation may include such ideas as breach of taboo, soul loss, germs, upset in the hot-cold balance of the body, or a weakening of the body's immune system. 0 2005;83(1):7. We've updated our privacy policy. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation; 1969. p. XXXXI. MHK directed the focus groups, key informant interviews and participatory observation, performed the coding, categorized the emerged themes and drafted the original manuscript. The use of open-ended questions, as well as informal conversations with informants on topics they themselves raised, were among the ways pursued to mitigate these challenges. Initially Neolithic (New Stone Age), the Nok culture made the transition to the Iron Age. Epub 2022 Jan 7. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Pain occurs when one of the substances presents either a deficiency or an excess, or is separated in the body and not mixed with others. There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. 4th ed. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. In: Fox JP, Hall CE, Elveback LR, editors. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. Terms and Conditions, New York: Oxford University press; 2012. Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. Or if A decreases, B correspondingly decreases. Health, religion, and meaning: a culture-centered study of Druze women. A Descriptive and Phenomenological Exploration of the Spiritual Needs of Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer. germ theory, in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. The breakthrough came in 1860, when the French bacteriologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) demonstrated the presence of bacteria in air. [Female, Study Community # 5]. The third theory is the sociobiology theory; the focus of biologist E.O. I have never gone to modern health centers. Many of the participants in the study specifically related poverty and lack of appropriate food to ill health. Interviews lasted 11.25h, were conducted in the informants private homes or while sitting in public spaces in the villages (See Additional file 1 for the complete interview guide). Focus groups and interviews continued until the data in the key emerging themes were saturated (i.e., key points were repeated and no significant new information was emerging) [16, 17]. The study communities rejoiced in their culture of eating together and sharing with those in need. Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. Health effects of social isolation, loneliness. The first authors (MHK) native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study [19]. They were very similar to the focus group participants in their demographic characteristics. However, the capacity to execute and give expanded resources to support the sustainable utilization of indigenous medicine and implement health strategies that take into account indigenous ill-health beliefs is constrained. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Nature of qualitative evidence. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . Google Scholar. Respecting autonomous decision making among Filipinos: a re-emphasis in genetic counseling. 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. 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